Kan and its sisters: They are defective verbs that enter into a nominal sentence, raising the subject, which is called its name, and placing the predicate in the accusative case, which is called its predicate.
Sisters were:
Kan: She is the older sister, and indicates time in the past.
Became: It indicates the time in the morning.
Adha: It indicates the time in the morning.
Shadow: indicates the time of day and permanence.
Amsa: It indicates the time in the evening.
Bat: It indicates the time at night.
It became: It indicates transformation (transforming the noun into the predicate), for example: The cotton became a fabric.
Not: It indicates negation.
Still: still, still
Continuing: means continuing.
As long as: indicates the duration.
Work was and its sisters
In order for Kan and its sisters to perform their work to the fullest extent, they must meet special conditions that define their work and tasks, which are as follows:
Verbs: was, became, is not, became, became, became, became, remained, spent the night, they work without condition, that is, they raise the subject, so the name of was is raised and the sign of its raising.. and they put the predicate in the accusative case absolutely and the predicate of was is called the accusative case and the sign, such as:
It was raining heavily.
The night owl became tired.
The weather is clear.
Cheating is not acceptable.
Verbs: zaala, barah, infaqa, fata’a, do not act like kan unless they are coupled with negation or prohibition, such as:
The enemy is still angry.
The man was always regretful.
Keep working hard.
The verb: dama, must be preceded by the circumstantial infinitive ma, because it turns the verb into a infinitive preceded by a duration, such as:
I don't go out of the house as long as it's raining.
I will not befriend you as long as you are arrogant.
Conjugation of "kana" and its sisters
Kan and its sisters differ in terms of conjugation as follows:
Defective verbs that work in the past, present and imperative tenses. There are seven verbs: kan, asbaha, sara, amsa, adha, zalla, bata.
Defective verbs that work in the past and present tense: ma zala, ma barha, ma anfaka, ma fata’.
Modal verbs that work only in the past: not, as long as.
Question: The verb dama is conjugated as (dama, yadum, dum), so how do you say it only works in the past tense?
Answer: Because it is a complete verb, and we said the incomplete verb is preceded by what.
Signs of raising the name “kan”:
The noun “kana” and its sign of raising is the visible damma at the end of it if it is:
(Singular) such as: The student became diligent.
(Broken plural) such as: The workers became skilled.
(Sound feminine plural) such as: The female students have become diligent.
The noun was raised and its sign of raising was (alif) if it was:
(Dual) such as: The two students became diligent.
The noun “kana” is raised and its sign of raising is (waw) if it is:
(Sound masculine plural) such as: The workers remained diligent.
Signs of the accusative case of the predicate of “kana”:
The news was in the accusative case and the sign of its accusative case is the fat-ha if it was:
(Singular) such as: The student became diligent.
(Broken plural) such as: The workers became skilled.
The news was in the accusative case and the sign of its accusative case is (ya) if it was:
(Dual) such as: The two students became diligent.
(Sound masculine plural) such as: The workers remained diligent.
Types of the verb "kana":
The news was the sentence
A- The news of the nominal sentence consists of a subject and a predicate, and there must be a pronoun that connects the news to the noun of the sentence. The teacher’s explanation is useful.
Teacher: The name became
Its explanation is useful: The news became a nominal sentence.
- A quasi-sentence (preposition and noun, adverb of time, or adverb of place):
The trip was at night:
(A semi-sentence) Laila: a noun of time in the accusative case, and the sign of its accusative case is the fat-ha appearing at the end of it.
The quasi-sentence is in the accusative case as a predicate of the verb “kan”.
The factory worker became:
(Quasi-sentence news)
In the factory: “in” is a preposition, and “the factory” is a noun in the genitive case with “fi,” and the sign of its genitive case is the kasra. The quasi-sentence is in the accusative case as the predicate of “yesterday.”
The rule of placing the predicate of “kana” and its sisters in the middle and delaying it after the noun:
- The predicate may come between the defective verb and its subject. For example: Muhammad was standing.
- The predicate must be in the middle, if there is a pronoun in the noun that refers to some of the predicate. For example: The owner of the house was in the house.
- The predicate must be delayed after the noun, so that the predicate is not confused with the noun. For example: My brother was my companion.
- The predicate of (as long as) may come between the defective verb and its subject. For example: I will not accompany you as long as Muhammad is standing.
What are the conditions for using kāna and its sisters?
There are four conditions for the verb “kana” and its sisters to work:
1- Her name should be delayed:
If what appears to be the name of “kan” is presented, such as “Muhammad was fasting,” then “Muhammad” is parsed as a subject in the nominative case, and the name of “kan” is a hidden pronoun that is understood as “he,” and “sa’iman kan” is in the accusative case, and the sentence “kan sa’iman” is in the nominative case as the predicate of the subject.
2- Its predicate should not be performative (command, prohibition, interrogation, vocative, wish, exclamation, and oath). So you cannot say, “Muhammad worked hard,” or “Don’t work hard,” or “Do you work hard?” or “Oh hard worker,” etc.
3- Its predicate should not be a verbal sentence with a past tense verb, except for “kana,” in which case it is permissible to use it.
We cannot say I will not go out as long as it rains, but we may say I came to the scholar and found that he had traveled.
4 - It is not correct to delete both of its objects, nor to delete one of them, except with “laysa,” in which case it is permissible to delete its predicate. Likewise, in which case types of deletion are permissible in some of its styles.
5 - Deleting the noun is not, such as asking if someone is asleep and the answer is: “No, he is not asleep.” Deleting “was” with its noun, such as: “If good, then good,” and “if evil, then evil.” The meaning is: “If the matter is good,” and “If the matter is evil.”
6 - Deleting “kana” with its subject and predicate, such as when I ask you, “Do you sleep even if you are hungry?” We say, “Yes, even if you are hungry.” So I deleted “kana,” its subject and predicate.
Special conditions: The verbs mazal, ma barah, ma fana, and ma anfak must be preceded by a negation or quasi-negation (prohibition, interrogation). The verb dam must be preceded by the verbal noun ma.
Illustrative examples of parsing kāna and its sisters:
1 : The rain kept pouring down:
Shadow: a past tense defective verb built on the fat-ha (it raises the subject and lowers the predicate).
Rain: a noun (shadow) in the nominative case, and the sign of its nominative case is the dammah appearing at the end of it.
Ghaziran: The predicate of (shadow) is in the accusative case, and the sign of its accusative case is the fat-ha appearing at its end.
2: The road is not difficult:
Not: a past tense defective verb built on the fat-ha and the taa for femininity.
The road: the noun (not) is raised and the sign of its raising is the dammah appearing at its end.
Tough: The predicate of (not) is accusative, and the sign of its accusative is the fat-ha appearing at its end.
3: The lessons became easy.
It became: a past tense defective verb built on the fat-ha from the sisters of “kana”. The two lessons: the subject of “it became” is raised and the sign of its raising is the alif because it is dual.
Easy: The predicate (became) is in the accusative case, and the sign of its accusative case is the ya’ because it is dual.
The weather became cloudy. Became: a past tense defective verb built on the fat-ha from the sisters of kana.
The atmosphere: the noun (became) is raised and the sign of its raising is the damma.
Cloudy: The predicate of (became) is in the accusative case, and the sign of its accusative case is the fat-ha appearing at its end.
The worker became active.
Adha: a past tense defective verb built on the fatha assumed on the shortened alif.
The agent: the noun (Adha) is raised and the sign of its raising is the dammah appearing at the end of it.
Active: The predicate (became) is in the accusative case, and the sign of its accusative case is the fat-ha appearing at its end.
In this article, we explained the lesson of “kana” and its sisters, the parsing of the noun “kana” and the parsing of the predicate of “kana” and presented illustrative models. We also mentioned the types of the predicate of “kana” and the conditions for the operation of “kana” and its sisters. We also mentioned the meanings and implications of the sisters of “kana” and what they indicate.
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